jpdb beta

indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question

8

indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis

6

indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.

4

hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo

4

too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as

3

indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)

3

what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest

3

to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)

3

to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on

3

feeling; sensation; preparedness; readiness; thought; sentiment

3

I'm sorry; my apologies; excuse me; pardon me

3

be; is; did; (have) done; please; do

2

to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)

2

indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very

2

but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...

2

to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience

2

to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk

2

liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity

2

companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)

2

you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)

2

I; me; you; manservant

2

after this; henceforth; henceforward; from now on

2

if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question

1

at; in; at; when; by; with; and then

1

thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work

1

that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you

1

right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?

1

be; is

1

to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise

1

this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence

1

thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality

1

that; those; the

1

seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!

1

and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing

1

myself; yourself; I; me; you

1

endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement

1

things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that

1

how; in what way; how about

1

-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now

1

place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point

1

you; dear; honey

1

today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays

1

always; all the time; never; usual; regular

1

how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way

1

to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to deep-fry

1

necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement

1

and yet; despite this; but even so; but even then; however; nevertheless

1

to choose; to select

1

to be lost (e.g. luggage); to be missing; to be used up; to be run out; to disappear (e.g. pain); to be lost (e.g. a dream, confidence)

1

but; however; although

1