indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
Zhou dynasty (China, approx. 1046-256 BCE); Chou dynasty; perimeter; counter for laps or circuits
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
victory or defeat; match; contest; game
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to lose; to be defeated; to succumb; to give in; to be inferior to; to break out in a rash due to (e.g. lacquer, shaving, etc.)
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
whole; all; general; gross; entire; overall
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to run; to run (of a vehicle); to drive; to rush (to); to dash; to retreat; to flee
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
to fall down; to drop; to be omitted; to be missing; to decrease; to sink; to fail (e.g. exam or class)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah