indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
box; case; car (of a train, etc.); shamisen case; shamisen; public building; community building
north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
whole; all; general; gross; entire; overall
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
he; she; this; this one; Hey, you!; You bastard!
learning; scholarship; study; study of ...; -ology; -ics
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
remnant; residue; remaining; left-over
foot; paw; leg; gait; pace; bottom structural component (i.e. radical) of a kanji; (arch.) money
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
end; conclusion; last; final; no sooner than; once
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
acceleration; speeding up
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise