indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to calm down; to compose oneself; to calm down; to settle down; to settle down (in a location, job, etc.); to settle in; to be settled
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
boo! (sound used to scare someone); ugh (dissatisfaction, aggravation); ulp (consternation)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to run; to run (of a vehicle); to drive; to rush (to); to dash; to retreat; to flee
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
in that way; thus; so; so?
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
inter-scholastic athletics competition
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
wow!; oh!; yeah!; alright!; waah!; boohoo!
cloth bib displaying a competitor's number; athlete's number
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
adds force or indicates command
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind