adds force or indicates command
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
painful; bitter; tough; difficult; cruel; harsh
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
desire; wish; request; entreaty; prayer; (written) application
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
aid; assistance; help; cheering; rooting (for); support
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
all; entire; whole; altogether
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
alone; by oneself; on one's own
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
congratulations!; well done!; best wishes!; all the best!
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
to approach; to draw near; to get close; to get acquainted with; to get closer to; to get to know
immediately; at once; soon; before long; easily; readily
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
convenient; handy; useful
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
rest; break; recess; intermission
medium; average; moderation; middle school; China; volume two (of three); during (a certain time when one did or is doing something)
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
foot; paw; leg; gait; pace; bottom structural component (i.e. radical) of a kanji; (arch.) money
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
to stick up (hair, etc.); to stand up straight; to stand up abruptly; to jump to one's feet; to stand in one place, doing nothing in particular; to stand around
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to roll up; to enfold; to swallow up; to involve; to drag into
falling from bicycle, motorcycle, etc. while driving (esp. in a race)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)