indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to run; to run (of a vehicle); to drive; to rush (to); to dash; to retreat; to flee
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
ordinary person; average person; mediocre person
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
kilo-; 1000; kilogram; kilogramme; kilometre; kilometer
impregnable castle; inner castle citadel; golden castle (nickname for Nagoya Castle)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
expectation; anticipation; hope; promising; rising; up-and-coming
genius; prodigy; natural gift
public matter; governmental matter; prince; duke; lord; sir
lodging together; training camp; boarding house
your; indicates high rank or status; indicates love and respect (usu. for an older person)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
adds force or indicates command
strong; potent; strong; brawny; good (at); skilled; being able to handle
retirement; retiring (from a race, match, etc.); dropping out
inter-scholastic athletics competition