indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
Heike family; Taira family; The Tale of the Heike; chanting of the Heike Monogatari
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
imperial capital (esp. Kyoto); final word of an iroha poem; 10^16; 10,000,000,000,000,000
Genji (the character in the Genji Monogatari); the Minamoto family
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
adds force or indicates command
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
honorific/polite/humble prefix
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
(common) soldier; rank and file; army; troops; warfare; strategy
Echigo (former province located in present-day Niigata Prefecture)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
tree; shrub; bush; wood; timber
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
emperor (of Japan); mikado
(work) hard; unceasingly; strenuously; assiduously; busily; ardently
great (i.e. great-grandson, great-grandmother)