indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
honorific/polite/humble prefix
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
good fortune; happiness; blessing; good luck
retired emperor; ex-emperor; former emperor; emperor emeritus
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
appearing ...; looking ...; way to ...; method of ...ing; form; style
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to shoot (at); to attack; to defeat; to destroy
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...