indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
cloistered emperor; ex-emperor who has become a monk
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
Heike family; Taira family; The Tale of the Heike; chanting of the Heike Monogatari
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
adds force or indicates command
in that way; thus; so; so?
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
residence; estate; grounds; premises; mansion
to shoot (at); to attack; to defeat; to destroy
Enryaku era (782.8.19-806.5.18)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)