indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
day; days; sun; sunshine; (the) day; daytime; date
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
to mind; to care about; to be an issue; to matter; to keep company; to care for; to interfere with
goodbye; so long; saying goodbye to (e.g. life as a bachelor); putting an end to; farewell (performance, party, etc.); final
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?