-ness; indicates assertion; come (on); come now; er; um; indicates scrutiny, critique or mistrust
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
Mr; Mrs; Miss; politeness marker
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
part; portion; amount; worth (as in "two days' worth"); one's means; one's place; one's duty
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
opening (one's mouth) wide; saying "aah"; crying loudly; wailing; bawling
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
than; rather than; instead of; from; out of; except
look!; see!; here!; there!; hey!
eel (esp. the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica)
to come near; to let someone approach; to bring near; to bring together; to deliver (opinion, news, etc.); to send (e.g. a letter); to let someone drop by
roll; rolling up; (bread) roll; roller; roll (of a ship, aircraft, etc.); roll film
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
procurement; purchase; buying; school store; co-op; school canteen
to buy; to purchase; to value (highly); to think highly of; to incur (someone's anger, displeasure, etc.); to elicit (e.g. sneers)
trouble; hardship; difficulty; anxiety; worry; concern
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
hindrance; obstacle; to visit (someone's home); demon who hinders Buddhist training; demon who obstructs sentient beings from maintaining moral behaviour
please (give me); please (do for me)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; penis; (one's) thing
bread; (sweet) pastry; staff of life; one's bread
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
no; you're welcome; not at all; don't mention it
bento; Japanese box lunch
to differ (from); to be different; to be wrong; to be incorrect; to become abnormal; to go wrong
aah!; ooh!; oh no!; oh boy!
yikes; oops; eep; wow; aargh
to adhere to; to stick to; to keep close to; to go along with; to get involved with; to be thick with
past; after; too (much); over- (e.g. eating)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
club activities; extracurricular activities
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
rest; recess; vacation; holiday; dormancy (of a silkworm prior to moulting)
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
crane (any bird of the family Gruidae, esp. the red-crowned crane, Grus japonensis)