if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
victory or defeat; match; contest; game
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to challenge to (a fight, game, etc.); to throw down the gauntlet; to tackle (e.g. a problem); to attempt; to pressure (someone) for sex; to make advances to
release (e.g. information); disclosure (legal); show; indication; display
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
last moment; eleventh hour; platform made of dirt used to perform executions (decapitations) in the Edo period
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
three; three years of age
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
usurpation; taking back; dispossession
furthermore; again; after all; more and more; moreover; even more
to be defeated; to be beaten; to be unsuccessful; to lose
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
internal conflict; family quarrel; domestic trouble
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
counter for flat objects (e.g. sheets of paper); (arch.) counter for positions or roles; (arch.) counter for food portions (now only gyōza and soba); counter for ranking level
par (in golf); equivalence; face value; parity
buying up of goods; cornering (market)
to move; to stir; to operate; to run; to make a move; to take action; to be touched
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
1,000,000; one million; million; many
to be sufficient; to be enough; to be worth doing; to be worthy of; to do (the job); to serve
be supposed or expected to (do); be sure to (do); ought to (do)
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
place; spot; field; discipline; occasion; situation; scene (of a play, movie, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be boiled down; to come to a standstill; to reach an impasse; to approach a conclusion (of a discussion, investigation, etc.)
end; close; conclusion; end of a game of go, shogi, etc.
rock (in rock-paper-scissors); stone; ungh; gulp; rumbling (of an empty stomach); growling
variety; kind; type; counter for kinds, species, etc.
card (information, filing, etc.); card (greetings, congratulations, etc.); (Western) playing cards; credit card; debit card; match; game
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
electric noticeboard; electric scoreboard; electric bulletin board
remnant; residue; remaining; left-over
in this way; thus; such; uh...
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
actually; really; truly; in practice; practically
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to