release (e.g. information); disclosure (legal); show; indication; display
eager; earnest; strenuous; fervent; assiduous; with utmost effort
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to reach; to touch; to be delivered; to arrive; to be attentive; to be scrupulous
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
two times; twice; two degrees
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to give (esp. to someone of lower status); to bestow; to provide; to afford; to assign; to cause
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to pull; to tug; to draw (attention, sympathy, etc.); to attract (e.g. interest); to draw back (e.g. one's hand); to draw in (one's chin, stomach, etc.); to draw (a card, mahjong tile, etc.)
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
such; like that; that sort of; very
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
to excel; to surpass; to exceed; to outweigh; to preponderate
to turn up; to roll up (e.g. sleeves); to do over and over again; to do relentlessly; to stage a comeback (against) (in mahjong, horse racing, etc.); to come from behind
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
after all; in the end; anyway; (cannot) possibly; (not) at all; (not) by any means
ordinary person; average person; mediocre person
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
point; gist; essentials; knack; trick; the ropes
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
to be due to; to be caused by; to depend on; to turn on; to be based on; to come from
common sense; good sense; common knowledge; general knowledge; common practice; accepted practice
like; similar to; as with; in the same way
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
to; for; from the standpoint of; as far as ... is concerned
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
everyday; daily; ordinary; usual; routine; regular
truth; reality; sincerity; honesty; content; substance
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
once; one time; one round; one game; one bout; one heat