why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
village festival; autumn festival; harvest festival
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
in short; the point is; the important thing is; in a word; basically
old furniture; curios; secondhand goods
sacrifice sale; bargain sale; discount sale
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
precisely; exactly; plumb; damn; stupid; cursed
boo! (sound used to scare someone); ugh (dissatisfaction, aggravation); ulp (consternation)
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
junk; rubbish; trash; garbage; odds and ends
approximately; about; only; nothing but; just (finished, etc.)
to sell (well); to be well known; to be popular; to be famous
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
leading a meeting; presiding over a meeting; officiating at a ceremony; chairman; presenter; host
recommendation; referral; endorsement
elder sister; effeminate man
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
please (give me); please (do for me)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
tune; tone; vein; mood; condition; state of health
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
how; in what way; how about
to carry; to transport; to come; to go; to wield (a tool, etc.); to use
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you