indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
telephone call; phone call; telephone (device); phone
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to recall; to remember; to recollect
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
hello (e.g. on phone); excuse me! (when calling out to someone)
to be much obliged (to someone); to receive favor (favour); to be indebted; to be grateful
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
interest; entertainment; pleasure; implicit comparison (style of the Shi Jing)
palace; tonic (of the Japanese and Chinese pentatonic scale); ancient Chinese punishment (castration for men, or confinement for women); zodiacal sign
child consultation center; children's welfare center
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
high; tall; expensive; high-priced; high (level); above average (in degree, quality, etc.)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
spare time; free time; time (e.g. time it takes to do something); time off; day off; quitting (one's job); firing someone
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
I'm sorry; (it's) inexcusable; thank you very much (for help, etc.)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
illness (usu. excluding minor ailments, e.g. common cold); disease; bad habit; bad behaviour; crazy; insane
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
holiday; day off; sleep; rest; Good night
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
as soon as possible; ASAP
confirmation; verification; validation; review; check; affirmation
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)