indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
A common name for the area around Akihabara Station in the Chiyoda ward of Tokyo, Japan, famous for being the centre of modern Japanese popular culture and a major shopping district for video games, anime, manga, electronics and computer-related goods.
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
young lady of noble birth; princess (esp. in Western contexts, tales, etc.); girl; small; cute; (arch.) prostitute
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
I; me; personal (affairs, etc.); private; selfishness; partiality
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
how; in what way; how about
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
in that way; thus; so; so?
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
-ian (e.g. Italian); -ite (e.g. Tokyoite); -er (e.g. performer, etc.); person working with ...; man; person
ground; earth; the solid earth; the (vast) land
(one's) inner voice; voice of one's heart; what one really thinks
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience