indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
Mr; Mrs; clan; he; him; counter for people
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
carrot; calotte (type of hat)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
adds force or indicates command
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
wheat straw; barley straw
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
pirate; sea robber; buccaneer; freebooter
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
wow!; oh!; yeah!; alright!; waah!; boohoo!
average; medium; mid-grade (item); regular grade; same level as; equal to
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
(some) more; even more; longer; further
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
to eat; to live; to make a living; to bite; to sting (as insects do); to tease; to torment
yo!; hello there!; wow!; oh!; yah! (yell)
aaah!; oooh!; oh no!; oh boy!
carrot (Daucus carota); Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng)