indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
flowering crab apple (Malus halliana); Kaido crab apple (Malus micromalus); Chinese flowering apple (Malus spectabilis); Siberian crab apple (Malus baccata); aronia (flower)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
we; us; (arch.) I; (arch.) me; (arch.) you (referring to a group of one's equals or inferiors)
oden; dish of various ingredients, e.g. egg, daikon, potato, chikuwa, konnyaku, etc. stewed in soy-flavored dashi
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
secret; secrecy; mystery; secret (e.g. to success); esoteric teachings
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
person; -er; (arch.) expert; (arch.) geisha; (arch.) prostitute
blank space (in documents); vacuum; blank; void
(arch.) poor; (arch.) unskillful; (arch.) clumsy; I; me
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
now; the present time; just now; another; more
adds force or indicates command
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not