indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
nameless; unnamed; obscure; unknown; causeless; unjustifiable
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
hereditary title (used in ancient Japan to denote rank and political standing); (arch.) clan
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
adds force or indicates command
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
suffix for familiar person
aah!; ooh!; oh no!; oh boy!
escape; break-out; prolapse; proptosis
castle (in place names); castle; fortress
armor; armour; armor plate; armour plate
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to teach; to instruct; to tell; to inform; to preach
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation