indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hereditary title (used in ancient Japan to denote rank and political standing); (arch.) clan
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
nameless; unnamed; obscure; unknown; causeless; unjustifiable
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
emperor; shogun; honored person (honoured); (another person's) wife
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
you; you bastard; you son of a bitch; (arch.) you
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
now; the present time; just now; another; more
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
adds force or indicates command
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
heart; guts; nerve; central part
castle (in place names); castle; fortress
vajra (indestructible substance); diamond; adamantine; thunderbolt; Indra's weapon; Buddhist symbol of the indestructible truth
district; quarter; enclosure; area enclosed by earthwork; red-light district
sweet flag (Acorus calamus); calamus; Japanese iris (Iris ensata var. ensata)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others