indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
factory; plant; mill; workshop
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
now; the present time; just now; another; more
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use