indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
ridge (of roof); back of a sword; counter for buildings, apartments, etc.
gate (for entry, boarding, etc.); gate; logic element
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
adds force or indicates command
to hurry; to rush; to hasten; to make something happen sooner
suffix for familiar person
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
common snipe (Gallinago gallinago)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
passage; pathway; roadway; avenue; aisle
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
outside; exterior; the open (air); other place; somewhere else
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
to fly; to soar; to jump; to leap; to spatter; to scatter; to hurry
first-person plural (or singular); second or third person plural (implies speaker is of higher status than those referred to)
escape; break-out; prolapse; proptosis
to step aside; to move (i.e. out of the way); to make way
research establishment; research institute; laboratory
pirate; sea robber; buccaneer; freebooter
unique flavor (flavour); (degree of) flavouring; distinctive quality; special charm
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen