indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
adds force or indicates command
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to run; to run (of a vehicle); to drive; to rush (to); to dash; to retreat; to flee
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
anyhow; at any rate; anyway; somehow or other; generally speaking; in any case
smiley (face made up of characters); emoticon
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
island; one's territory (e.g. of a sex worker, organized crime gang); one's turf
gas (state of matter, e.g. poison gas, natural gas); gasoline; gas; dense fog; thick fog; gas stove
dragon (as depicted in Western myths)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
research establishment; research institute; laboratory