indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
island; one's territory (e.g. of a sex worker, organized crime gang); one's turf
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
pirate; sea robber; buccaneer; freebooter
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
adds force or indicates command
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
foot; paw; leg; gait; pace; bottom structural component (i.e. radical) of a kanji; means of transportation