indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
adds force or indicates command
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
companion; fellow; group; company; member of the same category (family, class)
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
to talk; to chat; to chatter
a-ha-ha (laughing loudly)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
is that so? (generally rhetorical)
he; she; this; this one; Hey, you!; You bastard!
cold (e.g. weather); uninteresting (esp. joke); lame; dull
island; one's territory (e.g. of a sex worker, organized crime gang); one's turf
dragon (as depicted in Western myths)
pirate; sea robber; buccaneer; freebooter
shaved ice (usually served with flavored simple syrup); Italian ice; snow cone; sno-cone