indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
pirate; sea robber; buccaneer; freebooter
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
adds force or indicates command
honorific/polite/humble prefix
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
wheat straw; barley straw
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
to get on (train, plane, bus, ship, etc.); to get in; to get on (e.g. a footstool); to step on; to reach; to go over; to follow
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
class (of students); group (of people); party; lot; bunch; crime family; organized-crime syndicate
in that way; thus; so; so?
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
father; dad; husband; you; he
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
to board; to embark on; to get into (a car); to march into; to enter