indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
wheat straw; barley straw
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
island; one's territory (e.g. of a sex worker, organized crime gang); one's turf
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to stop (moving); to come to a stop; to stop (doing, working, being supplied); to come to a halt; to alight; to perch on
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
adds force or indicates command
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
honorific/polite/humble prefix
now; the present time; just now; another; more
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
strong; potent; strong; brawny; good (at); skilled; being able to handle
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
destruction; disruption; (application) crash
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)