indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
head; hair (on one's head); mind; brains; leader; chief; top
honorific/polite/humble prefix
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
adds force or indicates command
blood; blood; ancestry; (the) blood; feelings
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
elder brother; one's senior; older man; man older than oneself
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
tiger (feline, Panthera tigris)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
informal summer clothes for men (short jacket and trousers)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
island; one's territory (e.g. of a sex worker, organized crime gang); one's turf
pirate; sea robber; buccaneer; freebooter
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?