indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
island; one's territory (e.g. of a sex worker, organized crime gang); one's turf
ding (of a bell); bing; honk (i.e. sound of blowing one's nose); snort; heating in a microwave; cooking in a microwave
flesh; meat; flesh (of a fruit); pulp; the physical body (as opposed to the spirit); flesh; thickness
wife; Mrs; proprietress; landlady; large women's size (clothing)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
secretary; councillor; councilor
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
blood; blood; ancestry; (the) blood; feelings
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
bone; frame; outline; core; backbone; spirit
pirate; sea robber; buccaneer; freebooter
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial