indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
ace (playing card); ace (of a team); leading player; ace; hotshot; ace (serve)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
adds force or indicates command
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
pirate; sea robber; buccaneer; freebooter
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
honorific/polite/humble prefix
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
beep; honk (car horn); buzz (buzzer); boo (wrong answer, like buzzer on quiz shows)
grey moustache; white beard
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage