indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
snake; serpent; large snake
island; one's territory (e.g. of a sex worker, organized crime gang); one's turf
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
young lady of noble birth; princess (esp. in Western contexts, tales, etc.); girl; small; cute; (arch.) prostitute
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
ace (playing card); ace (of a team); leading player; ace; hotshot; ace (serve)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
wheat straw; barley straw
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
adds force or indicates command
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
counter for the ichi-ni-san counting system (usu. directly preceding the item being counted); noun read using its on-yomi; counter for articles; indicates possessive (esp. in place names)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)