indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
grey moustache; white beard
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
one's father; one's old man; middle-aged (or older) man; old man; one's boss; proprietor (of a restaurant, store, etc.)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
now; the present time; just now; another; more
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
ace (playing card); ace (of a team); leading player; ace; hotshot; ace (serve)
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
wheat straw; barley straw
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
in that way; thus; so; so?
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
adds force or indicates command
(some) more; even more; longer; further
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
pirate; sea robber; buccaneer; freebooter
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you