indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
ace (playing card); ace (of a team); leading player; ace; hotshot; ace (serve)
pirate; sea robber; buccaneer; freebooter
grey moustache; white beard
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
adds force or indicates command
wall; partition; barrier; obstacle; Chinese "Wall" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
siege; encirclement; envelopment; surrounding; besiegement
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
one's father; one's old man; middle-aged (or older) man; old man; one's boss; proprietor (of a restaurant, store, etc.)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
body; group; party; company; troupe
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
now; the present time; just now; another; more
ice; shaved ice (usually served with flavored simple syrup)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!