indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
grey moustache; white beard
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
pirate; sea robber; buccaneer; freebooter
ace (playing card); ace (of a team); leading player; ace; hotshot; ace (serve)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
headquarters; head office; main office
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
adds force or indicates command
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
all-terrain vehicle; quad bike; dune buggy; beach buggy; buggy; stroller
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to be expressed (e.g. emotions); to become apparent (e.g. trends, effects)
name; given name; title; fame; renown; pretext