indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
light; right; right field; right fielder
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
adds force or indicates command
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
aah!; ooh!; oh no!; oh boy!
uncle; old man; mister; manybar goatfish (Parupeneus multifasciatus)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need