indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
companion; fellow; group; company; member of the same category (family, class)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to cover; to hide; to conceal; to wrap; to disguise
secretary; councillor; councilor
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
damn; damn it; feces; excrement; damn; damned; very
Chinese "star" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); Singapore
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
bear (any mammal of family Ursidae)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
adds force or indicates command
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
to erase; to delete; to turn off (power); to switch off; to extinguish; to put out