indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
adds force or indicates command
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
secretary; councillor; councilor
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
now; the present time; just now; another; more
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
he; she; this; this one; Hey, you!; You bastard!
pirate; sea robber; buccaneer; freebooter
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
foot; paw; leg; gait; pace; bottom structural component (i.e. radical) of a kanji; means of transportation
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
to cover; to hide; to conceal; to wrap; to disguise
middle-aged man; Buddhist priest
yikes!; eek!; ook; eek; customer
(arch.) the art of war; (arch.) martial arts; military force; the sword; valor; bravery