indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
flag; banner (administrative division of Inner Mongolia)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
adds force or indicates command
wheat straw; barley straw
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
in that way; thus; so; so?
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to cover; to hide; to conceal; to wrap; to disguise
pirate; sea robber; buccaneer; freebooter
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
to get back; to regain; to recover; to make up (for); to catch up on
ship's captain; skipper; length of a ship; boatman
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!