indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
adds force or indicates command
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
island; one's territory (e.g. of a sex worker, organized crime gang); one's turf
expresses a firm view or feeling; please ...; would you ...
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
lieutenant general; vice-admiral
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryo period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
the past; bygone days; one's past (that one would prefer remained secret); past (tense); preterit; previous life
mama; mamma; mom; female proprietress (of a bar, etc.)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding