indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to chase; to run after; to follow (a set order, a trend, etc.); to drive out; to get rid of; to drive (e.g. a herd)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
near; neighbourhood; nearly (e.g. "it took nearly one year"); close to; shortly; soon
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to approach; to draw near; to be imminent; to press (someone for something); to urge; to compel
wheat straw; barley straw
unique flavor (flavour); (degree of) flavouring; distinctive quality; special charm
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
a family; a household; (one's own) style; school; gang; (yakuza) family
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to request; to beg; to call; to order; to entrust to; to rely on
adds force or indicates command
damn; damn it; feces; excrement; damn; damned; very
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
in that way; thus; so; so?
to go smoothly; to turn out well; to do the trick; to have peaceful relations
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
rubbish; trash; garbage; refuse
first-person plural (or singular); second or third person plural (implies speaker is of higher status than those referred to)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
image; figure; figure; form; image
counter for small animals; counter for rolls of cloth (two han in size); roll of cloth
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to throw down; to bring down; to kill; to defeat; to overthrow; to trip up
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to surround; to encircle; to besiege; to lay siege to; to play (go, shogi, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
one (esp. of two); the other; on the one hand; on the other hand; whereas; although
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
neighborhood; vicinity; environs; approaching
revival (e.g. musical); come-back; restoration; rebirth; resurrection
what the hell; oh, great!; son of a gun; holy mackerel; oh no!; holy cow!
that sort of; that kind of; like that; such; so
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
stamina; endurance; physical strength; strength of an organization (e.g. profitability, productivity, economic clout, stability, growth potential)
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
rock (in rock-paper-scissors); stone; ungh; gulp; rumbling (of an empty stomach); growling
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...