indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
adds force or indicates command
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
town; block; street; road; 109.09 m; 0.99 hectares
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
alright; all right; right on; looking good; OK; okay
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
island; one's territory (e.g. of a sex worker, organized crime gang); one's turf
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
in that way; thus; so; so?
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
water (esp. cool, fresh water, e.g. drinking water); fluid (esp. in an animal tissue); liquid; flood; floodwaters; water offered to wrestlers just prior to a bout
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
bull; bulldog; bulldozer; bourgeois; bourgeoisie
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's