indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
pied; bottom part of a macaron
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
how; in what way; how about
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
companion; fellow; group; company; member of the same category (family, class)
battle; fight; war; struggle; conflict
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
now; the present time; just now; another; more
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
island; one's territory (e.g. of a sex worker, organized crime gang); one's turf
oneself (itself, etc.); I; me; you; by oneself (itself, etc.); interjection expressing anger or chagrin
damn; damn it; feces; excrement; damn; damned; very
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible