indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
adds force or indicates command
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
whirlpool; swirl; eddy; vortex; maelstrom
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
island; one's territory (e.g. of a sex worker, organized crime gang); one's turf
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
100,000,000; one hundred million
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
time; hour; period; class
explosion; detonation; eruption; eruption (of discontent, etc.); outburst; outpouring
large; big; older; senior; final; ultimate
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
in that way; thus; so; so?