indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
after all; in the end; conclusion; end; end of a game of go, shogi, etc.
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
thirteenth day of the month; thirteen days
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to be expressed (e.g. emotions); to become apparent (e.g. trends, effects)
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
counter for birds, rabbits, etc.
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to cancel; to withdraw; to retract; to take back (words, etc.); to revoke
email; mail (usu. in compound words); post; message (sent over a chat application); instant message; male
to send (a thing); to dispatch; to take or escort (a person somewhere); to see off (a person); to bid farewell (to the departed); to bury; to spend (time)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
as is; as it is; as things are; like this; this way; at this rate
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
uneventfully; without incident; without a hitch; peacefully
huh?; eh?; what?; oh; hey!; look!
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
to stop (moving); to come to a stop; to stop (doing, working, being supplied); to come to a halt; to alight; to perch on
funny; amusing; strange; odd; improper; unsuitable
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
a short while ago; a moment ago; just now; some time ago
screw; key (of a clock, watch, etc.); spring (of a clock, watch, etc.)
volume (of book); reel (of film); scroll (of books or paintings); roll (paper, etc.)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
and yet; despite this; but even so; but even then; however; nevertheless
what's the matter?; what's wrong?; what happened (to) ...?; what have you done (with) ...?; where is ...?
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor