indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
adds force or indicates command
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
transformation; variation; metamorphosis; modification; deformation; variety
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
incredible; unbelievable; terrific; impressive
to sew; to stitch; to weave one's way (e.g. through a crowd)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
minute (unit of time); fun (one tenth of a monme, 5.787 grains)
(medical) doctor; physician
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
strengthening; intensifying; reinforcement; enhancement; solidification
flag; banner (administrative division of Inner Mongolia)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)