indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
adds force or indicates command
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
flag; banner (administrative division of Inner Mongolia)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
clothes (esp. Western clothes); counter for doses of medicine, gulps of tea, drags of a cigarette, etc.
hindrance; obstacle; to visit (someone's home); demon who hinders Buddhist training; demon who obstructs sentient beings from maintaining moral behaviour
pirate; sea robber; buccaneer; freebooter
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
mouth; opening; hole; mouth (of a bottle); spout; gate; door
to rescue from; to help out of; to save
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
(medical) doctor; physician
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
now; soon; already; yet; further; more