indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
average; medium; mid-grade (item); regular grade; same level as; equal to
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
adds force or indicates command
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
suffix for familiar person
(medical) doctor; physician
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
illness (usu. excluding minor ailments, e.g. common cold); disease; bad habit; bad behaviour; crazy; insane
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
straight (ahead); direct; upright; straightforward; honest; frank
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
voice; singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); voice; opinion (as expressed in words); sound; sense (of something's arrival)
head; hair (on one's head); mind; brains; leader; chief; top