indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
flesh; meat; flesh (of a fruit); pulp; the physical body (as opposed to the spirit); flesh; thickness
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
adds force or indicates command
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to eat; to live; to make a living; to bite; to sting (as insects do); to tease; to torment
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
victory or defeat; match; contest; game
giant; great man; Tokyo Giants (baseball team)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!