indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
elder brother; one's senior; older man; man older than oneself
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
adds force or indicates command
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
guy; fellow; chap; bastard; asshole; arsehole
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
all members; all hands; everyone; everybody; whole crew
companion; fellow; group; company; member of the same category (family, class)