indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
adds force or indicates command
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
store; shop; establishment; restaurant
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
cook; chef; tap; spigot; cock (male fowl); cock (penis)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
restaurant (esp. Western-style)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
pearl; Perl; purl (knitting stitch)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
secretary; councillor; councilor
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
pirate; sea robber; buccaneer; freebooter
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
foot; paw; leg; gait; pace; bottom structural component (i.e. radical) of a kanji; means of transportation
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff